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Kinetic Landscapes
Turkey’s northern edge is a region of contrasts and diversity. From the rugged peaks of the Pontic mountains and hidden inland valleys to the plains and rocky alcoves of the Black Sea coast, this landscape shaped and was shaped by its inhabitants’ ways of life, their local cultural traditions, and the ebbs and flows of land-based and maritime networks of interaction. Between 2009 and 2011, an international team of specialists and students of the Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) investigated the challenging landscapes of the Cide and Şenpazar districts of Kastamonu province. CAP presents the first systematic archaeological survey of the western Turkish Black Sea region. The information gathered by the project extends its known human history by 10,000 years and offers an unprecedented insight into the region’s shifting cultural, social and political ties with Anatolia and the Circumpontic. This volume presents the project’s approach and methodologies, its results and their interpretation within period-specific contexts and through a long-term landscape perspective.
- Cover
- Half-Title
- Titlepage
- Copyright
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- List of Contributors
- List of Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) Team Members
- List of Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) Publications
- Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz
- 1 The Origins and Development of the Cide Archaeological Project
- Bibliography
- Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz
- 2 Remote Landscapes in Flux – The Cide and Şenpazar Region
- 2.1 The Cide-Şenpazar Landscapes
- 2.1.1 Ecology and Climate
- 2.1.2 Geology
- 2.1.3 Coastal Changes of the Black Sea
- 2.2 Humans in the Cide-Şenpazar Landscapes
- 2.2.1 Transport and Communication in a Rugged Landscape
- 2.2.2 Resources and Livelihoods in the Cide-Şenpazar Region
- 2.3 A Landscape in Flux
- 2.4 Summary
- Bibliography
- Murat Karasalihoğlu and Bleda S. Düring
- 3 Traveller's Notes on the Cide Region through the Ages
- 3.1 Cide in Greek and Roman Sources
- 3.2 The Cide Region in the Ottoman Period
- 3.3 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Claudia Glatz, Bleda S. Düring and Toby C. Wilkinson, with contributions by Bernard Gratuze, Richard Jones, Effie Photos-Jones, and Victor Klinkenberg
- 4 Developing an Adaptive Field Methodology for Challenging Landscapes
- 4.1 Traditions of Archaeological Survey in Turkey and Beyond
- 4.1.1 Extensive and Intensive Survey Traditions
- 4.1.2 Regional Survey in Turkey
- 4.2 Ambitions for CAP: A Hybrid and Adaptive Method
- 4.2.1 Sampling: Ecological and Topographic Zones, Visibility and Accessibility
- 4.2.2 Recording Frameworks: Data Models, Forms, Digital Database and GIS
- 4.2.3 Spatial Frameworks: Sites and Units
- 4.3 Field Methods
- 4.3.1 Remote Sensing, Mapping and Desk-Based Survey
- 4.3.2 Targeted Reconnaissance
- 4.3.3 Local Memories: Oral History and Historical Photographs
- 4.3.4 Tract-Walking and Unit-Walking
- 4.3.5 Grid-Square Collection
- 4.4 Analytical Recording Procedures and Approaches to Finds
- 4.4.1 Pottery Procedures
- 4.4.1.1 Pottery and Tile Recording and Macroscopic Analysis
- 4.4.1.2 Laboratory-based Pottery Analyses
- 4.4.2 Lithic Procedures
- 4.4.2.1 Lithic Macroscopic Inspection and Analysis
- 4.4.2.2 Sourcing Obsidian
- 4.5 Dating Procedures
- 4.5.1 Comparative Dating of Pottery, Lithics and Features
- 4.5.2 Absolute Dating
- 4.6 Geomorphological Research
- 4.7 Geochemical Research
- 4.8 Archaeometallurgy
- 4.9 Concluding Comments: Assessing the CAP Methodology
- Bibliography
- Bleda S. Düring and Victor Klinkenberg
- 5 The Early Prehistory of the Cide-Şenpazar Region: ca. 10,000-3000 BC
- 5.1 The Problem of the Early to Mid-Holocene Occupation of Northern Turkey
- 5.1.1 Dating Prehistoric Assemblages
- 5.2 The Palaeolithic (1,000,000-10,000 BC)
- 5.3 The Early Holocene (10,000-5500 BC)
- 5.3.1 Okçular and Abdulkadir
- 5.3.2 Aybasan Mahallesi
- 5.3.3 Çamdibi
- 5.3.4 Obsidian Exchange Networks
- 5.3.5 The Early Holocene in the Cide-Şenpazar Region: By Way of Summary
- 5.4 The Chalcolithic (5500-3000 BC)
- 5.4.1 Okçular Kale İni
- 5.4.2 Derebağ Köy Mağarası
- 5.4.3 Kılıçlı Mağarası
- 5.4.4 The Chalcolithic in the Cide-Şenpazar Region: By Way of Summary
- 5.5 Conclusion
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Claudia Glatz, with contributions by Michele Massa
- 6 The Later Prehistory of the Cide-Şenpazar Region: ca. 2600-2000 BC
- 6.1 Chronological Considerations
- 6.2 Ceramic Assemblages from the Later Early Bronze Age in the Cide-Şenpazar Region
- 6.2.1 Kılıçlı Mağarası
- 6.2.2 Okçular Kale İni
- 6.2.3 Derebağ Köy Mağarası
- 6.2.4 Summary
- 6.3 Early Bronze Age Communities in the Central Turkish Black Sea Region
- 6.4 Conclusions
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Claudia Glatz
- 7 Beyond the Frontier: The Second Millennium BC in the Cide-Şenpazar Region
- 7.1 Issues and Open Questions
- 7.2 The Middle and Late Bronze Age Evidence from Cide-Şenpazar
- 7.2.1 The Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC)
- 7.2.2 The Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC)
- 7.2.3 A Local Ceramic Tradition
- 7.3 The Turkish Central Black Sea Region in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages
- 7.4 Settlement Trends in the Turkish Central Black Sea Region
- 7.5 Middle and Late Bronze Age Cide in Context
- 7.6 Filling Empty Landscapes
- 7.7 Conclusions
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- T. Emre Şerifoğlu
- 8 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Iron Age (ca. 1200 to 325/300 BC)
- 8.1 North and North-Central Anatolia in the Iron Age – The Historical Perspective
- 8.2 North and North-Central Anatolia in the Iron Age – The Archaeological Evidence
- 8.3 The Iron Ages in Cide and Şenpazar
- 8.3.1 Iron Age I
- 8.3.2 Iron Age II
- 8.3.3 Iron Age III
- 8.4 Locales of the Cide Iron Age
- 8.4.1 Gideros
- 8.4.2 Iron Age Caves
- 8.5 Final Remarks
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- T. Emre Şerifoğlu and Caner Bakan
- 9 The Cide-Şenpazar Region during the Hellenistic Period (325/300 - 1 BC)
- 9.1 The Hellenistic Period on the Turkish Black Sea Coast
- 9.2 Hellenistic Settlement Patterns
- 9.3 Trade and Economy
- 9.4 Archaeological Evidence from Cide and Şenpazar
- 9.5 Conclusion
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Philip Bes
- 10 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Roman Period
- 10.1 Historical Background
- 10.2 The Pottery — Breakdown by Period and Functional Class
- 10.2.1 Table Wares
- 10.2.2 Amphorae
- 10.2.3 Cooking Wares and Other
- 10.3 Discussion
- 10.3.1 Provenance and Proportions
- 10.3.2 Spatial and Chronological Distribution
- 10.3.3 Interpretation of the Data
- 10.4 Conclusion
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Marica Cassis
- 11 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Byzantine Period
- 11.1 Methodological Problems
- 11.2 Historical Survey
- 11.3 Byzantine Finds and Sites in Cide and Şenpazar
- 11.3.1 Ceramics
- 11.3.1.1 Glazed Table Wares
- 11.3.1.2 Unglazed Table Wares
- 11.3.1.3 Kitchen Wares
- 11.3.1.4 Amphorae
- 11.3.1.5 Tiles
- 11.3.2 Byzantine Settlements
- 11.3.2.1 Okçular
- 11.3.2.2 Çamdibi
- 11.3.2.3 Abdulkadir
- 11.3.2.4 Other Settlements
- 11.3.3 Byzantine Fortifications
- 11.3.3.1 Gideros Batı Kalesi (S12)
- 11.3.3.2 Gideros Doğu Kalesi (S121)
- 11.3.3.3 Kazallı Kalesi (S91)
- 11.3.3.4 Timle Kale 1 (S110)
- 11.3.3.5 Timle Kale 2 (S112)
- 11.3.3.6 Aydos Kale (S190)
- 11.3.3.7 Hıdır Kalesi (S62)
- 11.3.3.8 Akça Kale (S135)
- 11.3.3.9 Koca Kale (S154)
- 11.3.4 Religious Spaces and Hermit Caves
- 11.3.5 Spolia and Other Remains
- 11.4 Conclusions
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Joanita Vroom
- 12 The Fortress of Çoban Kalesi, Late Medieval Ceramic and Small Finds
- 12.1 The Glazed Wares
- 12.2 The Unglazed Wares
- 12.3 The Small Finds
- 12.4 Some Concluding Remarks
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- A.C.S. Peacock, with contributions by Claudia Glatz and T. Emre Şerifoğlu
- 13 Cide and its Region from Seljuk to Ottoman Times
- 13.1 Turks in Cide and the Kastamonu Region: 1071-1462 AD
- 13.2 Cide and the Kastamonu Region in the Ottoman Period
- 13.3 The Material Remains of the Ottoman Period in Cide
- 13.4 Conclusion
- Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts
- Bibliography
- Claudia Glatz and Bleda S. Düring, with contributions by Marica Cassis
- 14 A Tale of Three Landscapes: Okçular, Abdulkadir, and Çamdibi in Long-Term Perspective
- 14.1 Okçular
- 14.1.1 The Okçular Landscape
- 14.1.2 Research at Okçular
- 14.1.3 The Anatomy of the Okçular Landscape
- 14.1.4 A Biography of the Okçular Landscape
- 14.1.4.1 Scatters in the Landscape: The Early Holocene
- 14.1.4.2 Rock with a View: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age
- 14.1.4.3 Branching Out: The Second Millennium BC
- 14.1.4.4 The First Millennium BC
- 14.1.4.5 A Rural Landscape: The Roman and Byzantine Periods
- 14.1.4.6 Beylik and Ottoman Periods at Okçular
- 14.2 Abdulkadir-Gideros
- 14.2.1 The Abdulkadir-Gideros Landscape
- 14.2.2 Research in the Abdulkadir-Gideros Landscape
- 14.2.3 The Anatomy of the Abdulkadir-Gideros Landscape
- 14.2.4 A Biography of the Abdulkadir-Gideros Landscape
- 14.2.4.1 The Early Holocene and Chalcolithic
- 14.2.4.2 Elusive Millennia: The Bronze and Iron Ages
- 14.2.4.3 A Harbour and its Hinterland – Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods
- 14.2.4.4 Beylik and Ottoman Periods at Abdulkadir-Gideros
- 14.3 Çamdibi
- 14.3.1 The Çamdibi Landscape
- 14.3.2 Research at Çamdibi
- 14.3.3 Anatomy of the Çamdibi Landscape
- 14.3.4 Biography of the Çamdibi Landscape
- 14.3.4.1 Chance Finds and Buried Landscapes: The Early Holocene
- 14.3.4.2 Consuming Caves: The Later Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages
- 14.3.4.3 The Late Roman to Early Byzantine Period
- 14.3.4.4 Beylik and Ottoman to Modern Periods at Çamdibi
- 14.4 Concluding Remarks
- Bibliography
- Claudia Glatz and Bleda S. Düring
- 15 Conclusions
- 15.1 Settlement, Subsistence and Production
- 15.2 12,000 Years of Solitude? - Connectivity and Particularity in the Cide Region
- 15.3 Looking Back and Moving Forward
- Bibliography
- Jakob Wallinga and Alice Versendaal (I); Toby C. Wilkinson (II); Richard Jones (III & IV)
- 16 Appendices
- 16.1 Appendix I. Luminescence Dating Report, Cide – Turkey, NCL-8111
- 16.1.1 Methods
- 16.1.2 Dating Results
- 16.1.3 Synthesis
- Bibliography
- 16.2 Appendix II. Main Recording Forms of CAP
- 16.3 Appendix III. Chemical and Petrographic Study of Pottery from the Cide Archaeological Project
- 16.3.1 Discussion
- 16.4 Appendix IV. Chemical and Magnetic Analysis of Soils from Grid 6 (G6) at Okçular
- 16.4.1 Analyses
- 16.4.2 Results
- 16.4.3 Discussion
- Bibliography
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Index
- 出版地 : 德國
- 語言 : 德文
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