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Microwave and Radio-Frequency Technologies in Agriculture
Humanity’s ability to produce enough food is mostly due to adoption of new methods and technologies by the agricultural industries as they became available. New information, communication and high speed processing and precision agriculture technologies have the potential to transform the agricultural industry. These technologies incorporate radio-frequency and microwave radiation into their systems. This book presents an overview of how these technologies are being used in agricultural systems. The main purpose of the book is to provide a glimpse of what is possible and encourage practitioners in the engineering and agricultural industries to explore how radio-frequency and microwave systems might further enhance the agricultural industry. The authors have extensive experience in agricultural and microwave engineering, instrumentation and communication systems.
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
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Section 1: General Introduction
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1 Introduction
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References
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2 Some Brief Examples of Technical Innovation in Agricultural Industries
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2.1 Machines
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2.2 Early Innovations in Agriculture
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2.3 Transportation Technologies
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2.4 The Tractor
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2.5 The Green Revolution
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2.6 High Resolution Production Systems
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2.7 Spatial Data
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2.8 Temporal Data
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2.9 Conclusions
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References
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3 A Brief Overview of Radio Frequency and Microwave Applications in Agriculture
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3.1 Heating Applications
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3.2 Sensor Applications
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3.3 Communication Systems
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3.4 Conclusion
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References
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4 Microwaves and their Interactions with Materials
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4.1 Electric and Magnetic Field Vectors
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4.2 Maxwell’s Equations for Electro-magnetism
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4.3 Magnetic Vector Potential
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4.4 Continuity
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4.5 Conservation of Electromagnetic Energy
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4.6 Boundary Conditions
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4.7 Wave Impedance
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4.8 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface
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4.9 Electromagnetic Behaviour of Materials
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4.10 Conclusions
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References
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Section 2: Non-destructive Characterisation Using Electromagnetic Waves
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5 Section Introduction
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References
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6 Techniques for Measuring Dielectric Properties
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6.1 Dielectric Properties
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6.2 Polarization
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6.3 Cole-Cole diagram
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6.4 Microwave Measurement Methods
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6.5 Conclusions
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References
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7 Dielectric Properties of Organic Materials
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7.1 Frequency Dependency of Dielectric Properties
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7.2 Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Properties
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7.3 Density and Field Orientation Dependence of Dielectric Properties
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7.4 Dielectric Modelling of Organic Materials
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7.5 Conclusions
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References
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8 Insect and Decay Detection
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8.1 Radar Entomology
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8.2 Free-Space Microwave Systems
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8.3 Conclusions
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References
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9 Moisture Monitoring
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9.1 Free-Space Moisture Detection
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9.2 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture
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9.3 Radar Moisture Measurement
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References
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10 Radar Imaging
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10.1 Radar Imaging
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10.2 Image Distortion
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10.3 Target Interaction and Image Appearance
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10.4 Airborne versus Space-borne Radar
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10.5 Ground Penetrating Radar
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References
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11 Electromagnetic Survey Techniques
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11.1 Electromagnetic Induction
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11.2 Global Positioning System
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11.3 Geographic Information Systems
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References
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Section 3: Dialectric Heating
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12 Section Introduction
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References
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13 Dielectric Heating
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13.1 Conductive Heat Transfer
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13.2 Convective Heating
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13.3 Radiative Heat Transfer
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13.4 Microwave Heating
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13.5 Microwave Frequency and its Influence over Microwave Heating
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13.6 The Influence of Material Geometry on Microwave Heating
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13.7 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating
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13.8 Thermal Runaway
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13.9 Examples of Using Thermal Runaway to Great Advantage
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13.10 Conclusion
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Nomenclature
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References
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14 Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Movement
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14.1 Temperature Sensing in Electromagnetic Fields
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15 Microwave Drying
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15.1 Microwave Drying of Crop Fodder
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15.2 Modelling Microwave Drying
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15.3 Effect of Microwave Drying on Milling Properties
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References
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16 Radio Frequency and Microwave Processing of Food
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16.1 Dielectric Properties of Foods
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16.2 Comparative Efficiency of Convective and Microwave Heating
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References
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17 Microwave Applicators
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17.1 Wave-Guides
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17.2 Waveguide Modes
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17.3 Other Wave-guide Modes
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17.4 Transverse Magnetic Modes
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17.5 Wave-guide Cut-off Conditions
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17.6 Wavelength in a Wave-guide
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17.7 Wave Impedance in a Wave-guide
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17.8 Power Flow along a Wave-guide Propagating in TE10 Mode
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17.9 Cylindrical Wave Guides
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17.10 Microwave Ovens
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17.11 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulating Microwave Field 17.12 Distributions in Applicators
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17.12 Microwave Safety
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17.13 Antenna Applicators
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Nomenclature
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Appendix A – Derivation of Near Field from a Uniformly Illuminated Rectangular Aperture
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References
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18 Quarantine and Biosecurity
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18.1 Insect Control
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18.2 The Background to Microwave and Radiofrequency Quarantine
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18.3 Microbial Control
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18.4 Conclusions
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References
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19 Weed Management
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19.1 Radio Frequency and Microwave Treatments
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19.2 Microwave Treatment of Plants
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19.3 Reinterpretation of Earlier Microwave Weed Experiments
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19.4 Impact of Microwave Treatment on Soil
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19.5 Crop Growth Response
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19.6 Analysis of Potential Crop Yield Response to Microwave Weed Management
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19.7 The Potential for Including Microwave Weed Control for Herbicide Resistance Management
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19.8 Conclusion
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19.9 Nomenclature
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Appendix A – Derivation of the Impact of Weed Infestation and Herbicide Control on Crop Yield Response
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References
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20 Treatment of Animal Fodder
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20.1 Effect of Microwave Treatment on Digestibility
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20.2 Microstructure Changes
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20.3 Potential Mitigation of Methane Production
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20.4 Microwave Treatment of Grains
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20.5 Effect of Microwave Heating on Crude Protein
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20.6 Conclusion
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References
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21 Wood Modification
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21.1 Applications of Microwave Modification in Wood Drying
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21.2 Improving Wood Impregnation
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21.3 Stress Relief
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21.4 Industrial Scale Pilot Plant
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21.5 Pre-treatment for Wood Pulping
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References
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22 Microwave Assisted Extraction
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22.1 Solvent based Extraction of Essential Oils
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22.2 Solvent Free Extraction of Essential Oils
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22.3 Microwave Pre-treatment Followed by Conventional Extraction Techniques
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22.4 Application to Sugar Juice Extraction
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22.5 Microwave Accelerated Steam Distillation
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References
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23 Thermal Processing of Biomass
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23.1 BioSolids
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23.2 Biosolids’ Composition and Characteristics
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23.3 Nutrient Value of Biosolids
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23.4 Current Applications of Biosolids
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23.5 Thermal Processing of Materials
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23.6 Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis
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23.7 Biochar
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References
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Section 4: Automatic Data Acquisition and Wireless Sensor Networks
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24 Section Introduction
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References
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25 Data Acquisition
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25.1 Sensors / Transducers
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25.2 Power Supply
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25.3 Accuracy and Its Components
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25.4 Transducer Output
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25.5 Signal Conditioning
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25.6 Digital Data Acquisition
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25.7 Software
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25.8 Lightning Protection
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References
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26 Radio Frequency and Microwave Communication Systems
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26.1 Principles of RF and Microwave Communication
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26.2 Principles of Wireless Communication
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26.3 Modulation
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26.4 Simplex, Half-duplex and Duplex Communication Systems
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26.5 Digital Communication
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26.6 Transmission Channels
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26.7 Wireless Radio Channels
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References
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27 Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
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27.1 Network Configurations
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27.2 Open Source Platforms
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27.3 Mobile Telephone Networks
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27.4 Power Supply
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References
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28 RFID Systems
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28.1 Active, Semi-passive and Passive RFID Tags
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28.2 Animal Tracking Systems
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28.3 Environmental Sensor Applications
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28.4 Near Field Communication
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References
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29 Conclusions
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29.1 Heating Applications
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29.2 Sensor Applications
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29.3 Communication Systems
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29.4 Conclusion
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References
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- 出版地 ： 德國
- 語言 ： 德文
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