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Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC
Questions concerning mobility and migration as well as subsistence strategies of past societies have always been of major importance in archaeological research. The West Eurasian steppes in the Eneolithic, the Early Bronze and the Iron Age were largely inhabited by cultural communities believed to show an elevated level of spatial mobility, often linked to their subsistence economy. In this volume, questions concerning the mobility and potential migration as well as the diet and economy of the West Eurasian steppes communities during the 4th, the 3rd and the 1st Millennia BC are approached by applying isotope analysis, specifically 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δ15N and δ13C analyses. Adapting a combination of different isotopic systems to a study area of vast spatial and chronological dimension allowed a wide variety of questions to be answered and establishes the beginning of a database of biogeochemical data for the West Eurasian steppes. Besides the characterisation of mobility and subsistence patterns of the archaeological communities under discussion, attempts to identify possible Early Bronze Age migrations from the steppes to the steppe-like plains in parts of Eastern Europe were made, alongside an evaluation of the applicability of isotope analysis to this context.
- Cover
- Title Page
- Topoi Berlin Studies of the Ancient World
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
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2 Background
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2.1 Archaeological background
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2.1.1 Introduction
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2.1.2 The (Middle and) Late Eneolithic period in the North Pontic steppe
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2.1.3 The Early Bronze Age Yamnaya period
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2.1.4 The Middle Bronze Age Catacomb culture period
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2.1.5 (South)westward steppe impact
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2.1.6 The Iron Age Scythian period
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2.2 Methodological background
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2.2.1 The application of isotope analysis
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2.2.2 Tooth and bone as sample materials and information archives
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2.2.3 Geology and ecology in the study region with regard to isotope analysis
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3 Sample sites and Material
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
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3.2.1 Carpathian-Balkan region
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3.2.2 North Pontic region
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3.2.3 Russia
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3.3 Iron Age
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3.3.1 North Pontic region
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3.3.2 Central Asia: Berel’
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4 Mobility and Migration
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Theories on mobility and migration
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4.2.1 History of research in mobility and migration theories in prehistoric archaeology
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4.2.2 Mobility
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4.2.3 Migration
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4.2.4 Scientific contribution to mobility and migration research in archaeology
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4.3 87Sr/86Sr analysis
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4.3.1 Basics
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4.3.2 Material
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4.3.3 Methods
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4.3.4 Results
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4.3.5 Biological measurements of87Sr/86Sr
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4.4 δ18O analysis
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4.4.1 Basics
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4.4.2 Material
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4.4.3 Method
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4.4.4 Results δ18Oc (V-PDB)
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4.4.5 Biological measurements of δ18O
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4.4.6 ‘Locals’ and ‘non-locals'
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4.5 Combined results and discussion of 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O analyses
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4.5.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
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4.5.2 Iron Age
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4.6 Discussion of this chapter's results
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4.6.1 Sampling
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4.6.2 Identification of outliers
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4.6.3 Reconstruction of economic systems
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4.6.4 Detection of a possible increase of mobility due to the emergence of draught animals, wagons and climatic changes using 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O analyses
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4.6.5 Mobility in the Iron Age Scythian period
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4.6.6 Isotopic indicators for possible migrations from the steppe area to the west
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4.7 Conclusions Chapter 4
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5 Case study: Faunal mobility in the context of the Globular Amphora culture
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Theories of faunal mobility
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5.3 Stable isotope analysis of faunal mobility
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5.4 Archaeological framework
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5.4.1 Globular Amphora culture and cattle depositions
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5.4.2 Archaeology of Zauschwitz
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5.5 Expected isotopic values of Zauschwitz
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5.6 Material
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5.7 Results and discussion
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5.7.1 Strontium isotope analysis
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5.7.2 Oxygen isotope analysis
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5.7.3 Combination of strontium and oxygen isotope analyses
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5.8 Conclusions Chapter 5
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6 Palaeodiet
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6.1 Introduction
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6.1.1 Objectives of this study
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6.1.2 Diet of the West Eurasian steppe people in the Eneolithic, the Early and Middle Bronze Age
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6.2 Methodological basics
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6.2.1 Potential information derived from stable isotope analysis
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6.2.2 δ13C analysis
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6.2.3 δ15N analysis
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6.3 Material
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6.4 Method
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6.5 Results of δ13C and δ15N analysis
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6.5.1 Sample preservation
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6.5.2 Results faunal material
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6.5.3 Results human material
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6.6 Discussion
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6.6.1 Discussion of the results of the faunal references compared to further studies
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6.6.2 Discussion of the results of the human bones
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6.6.3 Discussion of the results of human teeth
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6.6.4 Discussion of possible dietary components
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6.6.5 Comparison of the results for human bones to analogous studies
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6.7 Conclusions Chapter 6
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- 7 Summaries in English, German and Russian
- 8 Bibliography
- Endnotes
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Appendices
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Introduction to the Appendices
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Appendix A
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I Sites
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II Samples
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Appendix B
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Data 87Sr/86Sr analysis
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Appendix C
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Data δ18O analysis
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Appendix D
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Data δ13C and δ15N analysis
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